A French-born aristocrat has asked the French state to pay him €351m (£314m; $401m) in damages, alleging that it tricked his relatives out of succeeding to the throne of Monaco.
Count Louis de Causans, 44, says that early in the 20th Century France changed the succession rules to thwart a German claim to the throne.
Mr de Causans told the French daily Le Parisien that it was a matter of family honour to rectify the "trickery".
Prince Albert II rules Monaco today.
In a video broadcast by Le Parisien (in French), Mr de Causans said "I want the truth to come out - I want reparation for the injustice done to my family by France".
He stressed that his dispute was with France, not with Prince Albert.
His lawyer, Jean-Marc Descoubès, told the BBC that "on 2 July this year we asked the foreign ministry to pay compensation to my client". The ministry has two months to accept or reject the request, so the deadline is 2 September.
The claim centres around Prince Louis II, who reigned in 1922-1949. He was a bachelor, without any legitimate royal heir, and therefore under the original inheritance rules he was ineligible to reign.
Mr de Causans maintains that under these rules his own branch of the Grimaldi family should have succeeded to the throne instead.
But in 1911 a law was passed, under French pressure, changing the rules so that Louis could reign. He had an illegitimate daughter, Charlotte, and the new law enabled her to be adopted by Louis, thus getting round the succession problem. Charlotte was born of a passionate liaison between Louis and a cabaret singer, Marie-Juliette Louvet.
At the time the great European powers were in an arms race that turned into the carnage of World War I in 1914.
Mr de Causans says the succession should have gone to a German nobleman from his own branch of the family - Wilhelm, the Second Duke of Urach, who was Louis' cousin.
The lawyer, Jean-Marc Descoubès, said that "it was quite simply unacceptable for a German to reign over Monaco then, on the eve of the First World War".
"We identified the responsibility of the French government," he told the BBC.
"There were secret meetings in Paris and Monaco between the French ambassador and Monaco authorities, they signed a secret pact. I have some evidence, and will give it to the court if the French government doesn't want to pay."
When asked why Mr de Causans had only decided to make his claim now, he said the late Prince Rainier III - Albert's predecessor - had "blocked everything" during his reign. He died in 2005.
Rainier had barred Mr de Causans and his side of the Grimaldi family from entering Monaco, the lawyer said.
The €351m figure for the claim resulted from the calculations of lawyers and accountants, based on the Grimaldi fortune and Mr de Causans's age, he said.
"If the government refuses we will sue it in court," he explained.
Mr de Causans, who lives in Paris, says he is a direct descendant of Honoré III, who ruled the tiny Mediterranean principality in 1733-1793. The royal family are known as the House of Grimaldi.